Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer who, in 1497, became the first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope and reach India. He did this by sailing down the west coast of Africa and rounding the southern tip of Africa, thus discovering an alternative route to Asia. He then sailed south along the east coast of Africa and rounded the Cape of Good Hope, reaching India in 1498. The southern route, as it became known, was quicker than the northern route. For this reason, Portuguese ships began to use this route and eventually dominated the trade between Europe and India.

When was Vasco Da Gama born?

Vasco Da Gama was born in the 1460s, in the town of Sines in Portugal. He was the son of Estêvão da Gama and Isabel Sodré. Isabel Sodré was the daughter of a well-connected scion of English origin, João Sodré (João de Resende) Vasco Da Gama’s early life was very eventful.

Vasco Da Gama in his youth

In 1473, when he was about ten years old, the town of Sines was attacked by the armies of John I of Castile, and Vasco da Gama was caught up in the fighting. During this attack, Vasco Da Gama killed a Moorish man who had taken his father’s boat and then took a ship belonging to one of his uncles. He sailed all over the country in this uncle’s ship. At about 16 years old, when he was a merchant seaman on board an expedition to India led by King Joao II of Portugal, he encountered heavy storms off the coast of India and lost sight of his ship for two weeks. When they saw that they were too far from land to return home, they set sail for Lisbon where they arrived after 28 days at sea.

The first voyage around Africa in 1482

At the age of 20, in 1482, Vasco da Gama was already a very experienced and skilful sailor. This year he started his first voyage across the Atlantic to India. He traveled by himself to Morocco where he was arrested because he did not have the correct permission from the sultan of Fez. After being held prisoner for six months, he managed to escape and continued with his journey by ship. He stopped in Lisbon where he spent nine days trying to get money from his friends for travel expenses. On April 15th, 1482, Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon with a crew of about 50 people on board a Portuguese carrack called O Pescador (The Fisherman). His first goal was Tangier which is now in Morocco. They left at 8 am on the high seas and it took them three months to reach Tangier where they arrived on September 19th (or October 4th).

The discovery of the sea route

On September 23rd they sailed out of Tangier and reached Cape Bojador at about 3:30 pm on November 2nd. This is a part of the coast of Morocco in which there are many coves and shoals with shallow waters. Vasco da Gama sent his crew members to investigate the coast but they could not find a way around the cape. When he tried to sail into that sea, his ship was attacked by five armed galleys from Mogador. Two ships were captured but the captain managed to escape with his crew in an open boat.

He then sailed back to Portugal where he reported what had happened. King Joao II was so pleased with this news that he promoted Da Gama and gave him 300 days’ wages for his voyage around Africa, as well as giving him 150 slaves from Barbary who were forced to do hard work aboard Da Gama’s ship on their way back home, for six months after reaching Lisbon in February 1483.

Discoveries of Vasco da Gama

During his first voyage (1497–1499) Vasco da Gama discovered two islands off India’s east coast: St. Mary’s Island (Pondicherry), which is now part of Puducherry state; and Calicut Island (Malabar), which is now part of Kerala state. He sailed past them on his way to Calicut, but it was only later that they were identified as islands. This discovery of islands provided navigational aid to ships that were following his route since they would know where they were relative to the mainland, in case of any doubt or confusion.

It is believed that Vasco da Gama also discovered the Cananore harbour (Kannur) and Cannanore City (Kannur) during his first voyage to India. Both are on the coast of Kerala state, some 300 km from Calicut Island. The Portuguese explorer also took some Indian sailors with him on this voyage in order to explore India’s east coast for future exploration and trade. These people may have been part of a second expedition organized by him after his return from Africa in 1499–1500 and which consisted of two ships: one heading towards China with an estimated crew size of 60 sailors; and one heading towards Lisbon with a crew size close to 110 men according to other sources. It is possible that he may have discovered the Kaveripattan am harbour (Kaveripayattu) on the southwest coast of India and the city of Cochin in that same year, which was not recorded by any other Portuguese explorers.

It is estimated that during his second voyage to India in 1499–1502 he visited and mapped two-thirds of the Indian coast: from Cannanore (Kannur) to Goa. He also discovered the harbour of Calicut city, then called Quilon or Cilão (near Calicut Island), before leaving for home.

This part of his exploration was recorded by some contemporary sources such as João de Barros’ Décadas da Índia (1455). The route used by da Gama was very well mapped by a French explorer, Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, during his 1565–1568 expedition. Although his records were mostly lost during the voyage he made in 1566 to investigate reports about a gold-rich island to be discovered by Columbus, the French explorer managed to obtain information about some Portuguese discoveries around India.

Vasco Da Gama’s Influence on the Region

Vasco Da Gama’s arrival in East Africa sparked a transformative era, shaping the region’s history and leaving an indelible mark that still resonates today. As a Portuguese explorer, Da Gama’s expeditions to Africa brought about significant changes in trade, culture, and politics. With his arrival in East Africa in the late 15th century, Da Gama opened up new trade routes between Europe and the Indian Ocean. His voyages marked the beginning of an era of European dominance in the region, as Portugal sought to establish a stronghold in the lucrative spice trade. The impact of Da Gama’s expeditions extended beyond trade. His interactions with local rulers and communities shaped the political landscape of the region, with some leaders forming alliances with the Portuguese in hopes of gaining an advantage in their own power struggles.

Today, the impact of Da Gama’s expeditions can be seen in the cultural, linguistic, and architectural influences that remain in East Africa. The blending of African and European traditions is evident in art, music, and cuisine, reflecting the enduring legacy of this period of exploration and exchange. Vasco Da Gama’s expeditions were not only remarkable for their immediate achievements but also played a pivotal role in expanding the Portuguese Empire’s reach and influence. His voyages, particularly the groundbreaking journey from Lisbon to India, opened up new trade routes and established Portugal as a major maritime power in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. One of Vasco Da Gama’s most significant accomplishments was his discovery of the direct sea route from Europe to India. Before his expedition, trade between Europe and Asia relied heavily on overland routes, leading to high costs and potential dangers. By successfully navigating the treacherous Cape of Good Hope in 1498, Da Gama proved that it was possible to bypass the traditional land-based trading posts and establish direct sea routes, thus revolutionizing global trade. The Portuguese Empire greatly benefited from Da Gama’s achievements. The establishment of trade links with India allowed Portugal to gain a monopoly on the lucrative spice trade, boosting its economy and increasing its wealth and influence. The empire expanded its colonial holdings, establishing trading posts and fortresses along the coasts of Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. These territories served as strategic bases for further exploration and allowed Portugal to control trade routes in the Indian Ocean. Through his expeditions, Vasco Da Gama not only left a lasting impact on the exploration and trade of his time but also laid the foundation for the Portuguese Empire’s domination in the Age of Discovery. His legacy as a pioneering explorer and navigator continues to inspire and fascinate people around the world.

Table: Portuguese Empire’s Colonial Holdings

Exploring the Maritime Navigation of Vasco Da Gama

Vasco Da Gama’s maritime navigation skills were nothing short of extraordinary, allowing him to overcome treacherous seas and chart new territories with unwavering determination. His voyages in the late 15th century not only connected Europe to India but also reshaped the course of history and established Portugal as a major maritime power.

“The sea is the road to riches and glory.” – Vasco Da Gama

Da Gama’s navigation techniques were instrumental in his successful expeditions. He relied on a combination of celestial navigation, using the stars and the position of the sun, and dead reckoning, estimating his position based on speed, time, and the course he had been steering. These methods allowed him to navigate uncharted waters, avoiding dangerous reefs and finding safe passage through unknown territories. His first voyage in 1497-1499 took him around the Cape of Good Hope, a feat previously thought impossible. He then sailed up the eastern coast of Africa, crossing the Indian Ocean, and finally reached Calicut (now Kozhikode) in India. This groundbreaking achievement opened up a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, bypassing the Ottoman Empire’s control over the land routes. Vasco Da Gama’s discoveries and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts along the maritime route he pioneered played a pivotal role in shaping the Age of Discovery and European colonization. His expeditions paved the way for future explorers, impacting global trade, culture, and geopolitics in profound ways.

Notable Discoveries:

Vasco Da Gama’s remarkable achievements as a Portuguese explorer and his contributions to maritime navigation continue to be remembered and revered. His legacy is etched in history, forever linked to the Vasco Da Gama Pillar and other landmarks that bear witness to his extraordinary journey. In Portugal, a magnificent statue known as the Monument of the Discoveries stands proudly, commemorating the courage and ambition of explorers who paved the way for new horizons. This iconic monument, located in the Belem district of Lisbon, celebrates the Age of Exploration and pays tribute to the significant contributions made by Portuguese explorers during that era. The statue serves as a powerful symbol of the country’s rich maritime heritage and the spirit of adventure that characterized this transformative period in history. The Monument of the Discoveries, also known as the Padrão dos Descobrimentos, was designed by the Portuguese architect José Ângelo Cottinelli Telmo and the sculptor Leopoldo de Almeida. It was unveiled in 1960 to mark the 500th anniversary of the death of Prince Henry the Navigator, one of the key figures in Portugal’s exploratory expeditions. The statue is a grand portrayal of a caravel, a type of ship used by Portuguese explorers, with dozens of prominent figures from the Age of Discovery depicted on its sides. The impressive structure stands at the edge of the Tagus River, overlooking the vast expanse of water that once served as the launching point for countless exploratory journeys. Its sheer size and striking design capture the imagination, making it a popular attraction for visitors from around the world. The monument’s interior houses an exhibition centre that provides a fascinating insight into the history of Portuguese exploration and the individuals who shaped it.

Monument of the Discoveries – Facts and Figures

Visiting the Monument of the Discoveries offers a unique opportunity to immerse oneself in the spirit of exploration and gain a deeper understanding of Portugal’s historical legacy. Standing in the shadow of this majestic statue, one cannot help but be inspired by the adventurers who conquered unknown seas and opened up new worlds. It serves as a reminder of the indomitable human spirit and the boundless possibilities that lie beyond the horizon.

Quotes and Inspiration from Vasco Da Gama

We are the children of explorers, adventurers, and dreamers, forever inspired by the boundless possibilities of the unknown. – Vasco Da Gama Vasco Da Gama’s quote encapsulates the essence of his pioneering spirit and the courage that drove him to embark on his historic voyages. As a Portuguese explorer, his determination to venture into uncharted territories was fueled by a desire to uncover new trade routes, expand the maritime power of the Portuguese empire, and foster cultural exchange between nations. Throughout his expeditions, Vasco Da Gama faced numerous challenges, including treacherous sea conditions, unfamiliar territories, and diplomatic complexities. Yet, his unwavering spirit and belief in the potential of exploration propelled him forward, resulting in groundbreaking discoveries that shaped the course of history.

“We are the children of explorers, adventurers, and dreamers, forever inspired by the boundless possibilities of the unknown.” – Vasco Da Gama

Vasco Da Gama’s legacy extends beyond the physical landmarks and trade routes he discovered. His endeavours opened up new avenues for trade, fostering economic growth and cultural exchange between Europe and the East. His expeditions also laid the foundation for future explorations and paved the way for the establishment of the Portuguese empire as a major maritime power. Today, the Vasco da Gama Pillar stands as a testament to the pioneering spirit and the indomitable nature of human ambition. It serves as a reminder of the extraordinary achievements made by individuals like Vasco Da Gama and the immense impact they had on shaping the course of history.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Vasco da Gama Pillar in Malindi, Kenya, stands as a fascinating historical landmark that pays homage to the Portuguese explorer and his significant contributions to navigation and trade in the region. Erected in the late 15th or early 16th century, this limestone cross with the coat of arms of Portugal is the only surviving pillar of its kind along the African coastline. Over the years, the pillar has become weathered, but recent restoration efforts have worked to preserve its historical significance. As a National Monument under the management of the National Museums of Kenya, the Vasco da Gama Pillar attracts visitors from around the world who seek to explore its rich history and cultural importance. It serves as a trading post, showcasing the Portuguese presence in Malindi and their alliance with the Sultan of Malindi during the 16th century. The pillar’s location on a rocky promontory overlooking the ocean adds to its allure and offers visitors a picturesque setting to soak in the historical atmosphere. To visit the Vasco da Gama Pillar, an entry ticket is required, which also grants access to other sites under the administration of the Malindi Museum. The restoration work carried out since 2020 has not only focused on preserving the pillar itself but has also enhanced the overall visitor experience by providing necessary facilities on-site. As we admire the Vasco da Gama Pillar, we gain insight into the extraordinary achievements of this Portuguese explorer and the broader impact of the Portuguese Empire during the Age of Exploration. It stands as a testament to the spirit of adventure and discovery that defined a crucial era in world history, making it a must-see destination for history enthusiasts and travellers alike. 

FAQ

Q: What was Vasco Da Gama’s influence on the region?

A: Vasco Da Gama’s expeditions had a significant impact on the region of East Africa. His presence and exploration activities opened up new trade routes, established Portuguese trading posts, and influenced the political dynamics of the area.

Q: What were Vasco Da Gama’s achievements and the significance of the Portuguese Empire?

A: Vasco Da Gama’s achievements include being the first European to reach India by sea, establishing lucrative trade connections, and expanding the influence of the Portuguese Empire. His voyages paved the way for future explorations and colonization in the region.

Q: How did Vasco Da Gama navigate the seas?

A: Vasco Da Gama utilized various navigation techniques and instruments available during the fifteenth century. These included using astrolabes and cross-staffs to determine latitude, dead reckoning to estimate position, and magnetic compasses to determine direction.

Q: Is there a famous monument in Portugal dedicated to Vasco Da Gama?

A: Yes, a famous monument in Portugal is known as the Monument of the Discoveries. It celebrates the Age of Exploration and the achievements of explorers like Vasco Da Gama.

Q: Are there any quotes or inspiration from Vasco Da Gama?

A: “We are not interested in the possibilities of defeat; they do not exist.” – Vasco Da Gama

Source Links

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Pillar,_Malindi
• https://www.lonelyplanet.com/kenya/the-coast/malindi/attractions/vasco-da-gama-pillar/a/poi-sig/1487550/355338